Metallurgy of transition elements .

Metallurgy is the science and technology of extracting metals from their natural sources and preparing them for use . Metallurgy involves various processes :

• Pyrometallurgy
• Hydrometallurgy
• Electrometallurgy

Pyrometallurgy

• This process involves application of high temperatures to reduce the size of mineral ore. The methods involved in this method are for example calcination – this is heating of an ore to bring about it’s composition and the elimination of a volatile product such as carbon dioxide or water .
• Most carbonates decompose reasonably rapidly at temperature in the range of 400⁰C to 500⁰C to remove carbon dioxide and the corresponding metal oxide .
• Roasting is another process in pryometallurgy , this involves thermal treatment that causes chemical reactions between the ore and the furnace atmosphere. This involves oxidation or reduction.

2MoS² (s) + 7O² (g) ———> 2MoO³ (s) + 4SO² (g) ……………….. Oxidation

PbO (s) + CO (g) ———-> Pb(s) + CO²(g) ………………. Reduction

Smelting is another process in this metallurgy process . It is a melting process which the materials formed in the course of the chemical reactions when subjected to heat separate into two more layers ( two layers are mostly formed – molten metal and the slag ) Pyrometallurgy requires large quantities of energy.

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• Five stages involved in metallurgy.
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